WLTP and RDE: New tests for the certification of fuel consumption, CO₂ and pollutant emissions
On 1 September 2017, the new Worldwide harmonised Light-duty vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) came into force and will gradually replace the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) protocol.
NEDC (New European Driving Cycle):
it has been the European driving cycle used so far for the measurement of fuel consumption and emissions from passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. The first European driving cycle came into force in 1970 and referred to an urban route. In 1992 it was also considered to have an extra-urban phase and since 1997 it has been used for measuring consumption and CO2 emissions. However, the composition of this cycle is no longer consistent with current driving styles and distances travelled on different types of roads. The average speed of the NEDC is only 34 km/h, accelerations are low and the maximum speed is just 120 km/h.
WLTP procedure:
WLTP uses new Worldwide harmonised Light duty vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) to measure fuel consumption, CO2 and pollutant emissions from passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. The new protocol aims to provide customers with more realistic data, better reflecting the daily use of the vehicle.
Comparison: NEDC vs. WLTP
NEDC
|
WLTP
|
|
Cycle time |
20 minutes
|
30 minutes
|
Distance |
11 km
|
23.25 km
|
Maximum speed |
120 km/h
|
131.3 km/h
|
Average speed |
34 km/h
|
46.5 km/h
|
Driving phases |
2 phases
|
4 more dynamic phases
|
Influence of optional equipment |
Not considered
|
Additional features (which can differ per car) are taken into account
|
Gear shifts |
Fixed gear shift points
|
Different gear shift points for each vehicle
|
Stop time |
24%
|
12,5%
|
The transition from NEDC to WLTP
Until the end of 2020, both fuel consumption and CO2 emission values in WLTP and NEDC will be present in the vehicle documents. Indeed, NEDC values will be used to assess the average emissions of cars registered in the EU throughout 2020. In addition, some countries may continue to use the NEDC data for fiscal purposes. From 2021 onwards, WLTP data will be the only consumption/ CO2 emission values for all cars. Used vehicles will not be affected by this step and will maintain their certified NEDC values.
Road consumption and emissions of passenger cars
Therefore, there will still be a difference between emissions and consumption measured in the laboratory and those resulting from the use of the vehicle in the real world, and the extent of this difference will depend on factors such as driving behaviour, the use of on-board systems (e. g. air conditioning), traffic and weather conditions that are characteristics of each geographical area and each driver.
For this reason, only a standardised laboratory test allows to obtain values with which it is possible to compare vehicles and different models in a fair way.
RDE (Real Driving Emissions): a test focused on verifying emissions on the road
In order to measure pollutant emissions while driving the vehicle on the road, test cars are equipped with portable measurement systems (PEMS) that provide full real-time monitoring of the main pollutants emitted by the vehicle. PEMS are complex devices that integrate advanced gas analysers, exhaust gas mass flow meters, weather station, satellite-based geolocation and a network connection. The data collected is analysed to verify that the boundary conditions of the RDE journey have been met and that emissions are within the limits of the regulation.
The limits not to be exceeded are defined as those prescribed in the laboratory test (WLTP) multiplied by compliance factors. Compliance factors shall take into account the margin of error of the instrumentation that does not measure at the same level of accuracy and repeatability as that used in the laboratory test.
The RDE test shall apply from 1 September 2017 for new passenger car models, and to all passenger cars registered from 1 September 2019 in the case of NOx, with a conformity factor of 2,1. On the other hand, in the case of particle number (PN) verification, the compliance factor is 1.5 and applies to all passenger cars registered as from 1 September 2018.
What changes for customers
The new WLTP procedure will provide a more realistic criterion for comparing the fuel consumption and CO2 emission values of different vehicle models as it has been designed to better reflect real driving behaviour and take into account the specific technical characteristics of the individual model and version, including optional equipment.
To ensure clarity and maximum possible transparency, FCA will provide retailers and customers with detailed information on the fuel consumption and CO2 emission values of each configured car and on the minimum and maximum extremes of the various models.